Lesson 17
- Contents:
- Verb tense forms
We already know three tense forms of the Abkhazian language:
present I (static verbs) -уп
present II (dynamic verbs) -оит\\-уеит
past perfect -ит.
Let's get acquainted with other tense forms.
Past imperfect tense is formed using
the suffix –он: иҟаиҵон
he was doing, исфон I was eating.
In the past perfect (with suffix -ит)
we have a completed action, a final result.
In the past imperfect there is no final result.
Remember the proverb!
«Ан лыҧҳа' дла'бжьон, аҧҳа' а'мҵқәа
лыҧхьаӡо'н.
The mother was teaching her daughter, and the daughter was counting flies.
Past indefinite tense is formed using the suffix -н
This tense form is almost never used independently in a sentence.
It is used in connection with another tense form.
Its non-independence arises from the incompleteness of the meaning
it gives to the verb.
Cf.: изга'н I took and...; ибфа'н you (f) ate and...
Future tense is formed using the suffix -п: иҟасҵа'п I will do; исфа'п I will eat; изҩы'п I will write, сца'п I will go.
Reminder! If the verb stem ends in -а
then according to the phonetic rules of the Abkhazian language the combination -aya (a+suffix -уа(ит))
gives -уо or –o. (a+ya//ay+a = oy//o).
The combinations иa, aи, аиа give variants иe, eи, e.
| Table of tense forms |
|---|
| Tense forms | suffixes | examples |
|---|---|---|
| present static | -уп | сгылоуп |
| present dynamic | -оит, -уеит | бгылоит, быҧшуеит |
| past perfect | -ит | уаҧхьеит, уҧшит |
| past imperfect | -он | ибон, ифон |
| past indefinite | -н | илбан, илфан |
| future | -п | иҟасҵап, исфап |
Exercise 1
Fill in the missing words
| present static | сгы'лоуп I stand, сио'уп I lie |
| present dynamic | ... |
| past perfect | ... |
| past imperfect | ... |
| past indefinite | ... |
| future | ... |
Exercise 2
Fill in the missing words
| present dynamic | са'пхьоит I read, сны'ҟәоит I walk, сыҩна'лоит I enter |
| past perfect | ... |
| past imperfect | ... |
| past indefinite | ... |
| future | ... |
Exercise 3
Fill in the missing words
| present dynamic | исшәы'сҵоит I put on (clothes), исҵоит I study, (и)иго'ит takes |
| past perfect | ... |
| past imperfect | ... |
| past indefinite | ... |
| future | ... |
New words and expressions.
аиара' to lie, сио'уп I lie, биоуп you (f) lie.
ашәҟәы'ҩҩы writer.
Ашәҟәы'ҩҩы ашәҟәы' иҩи'т.
The writer wrote a book.
ауасҭа' master, craftsman. Ауасҭа' иу'с иды'руеит.
The master knows his work.
Exercise 4
Translate the sentences and determine their
tense form.
1. Абиблиоте'каҟны ашәҟәы' зге'ит.
2. Ари' ашәҟәы' са'ҧхьоит, нас абиблиотекахь изгоит.
3. Ари сҩыза бзиа лоуп.
4. Иахьа ауасҭа дызбон.
5. Уи ашәҟәы бзиан.
6. Ари аҩы аҩныҟа изгап.
(Answers)
Exercise 5
Determine the tense form of the following verbs:
(It will be useful for you to review once more
the grammar comments on this lesson).
| изгал | future | дыҧшит | |
| саҧхьон | ... | даауеит | |
| бгылан | иҟасҵап | ||
| иуфал | илбон | ||
| ицеит | ҳцоит | ||
| избап | ирфеит | ||
| сааит | сгылоуп | ||
| дзысон |
Exercise 6
Determine the subject (person) of the verb action:
| бгылоит → бара | ирдыруан → ... |
| ифон → ... | иҟалҵап → ... |
| сиоуп → ... | ишәымоуп → ... |
| иргеит → ... | иааргеит → ... |
| иаҳҵап → ... | ирҩуан → ... |
Exercise 7
Translate into Abkhazian.
1. The writer is writing a book.
2. I will lie down, you (f) take Akhra to school.
3. I will do my assignment later.
4. Someone came into the house and took the money.
5. Yesterday she was here.
6. She learned this assignment well.
7. I will eat this meat.
(Answers)
Goodbye!